“Challenges And Risks Of Genetically Engineered Organisms”.

â€Å"Challenges and Risks of Genetically Engineered Organisms†. Paris: OECD Publishing, 2004. I found this book through IUCAT and it is available as an online resource. This book was written and published as the result of an OECD, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Workshop on Challenges and Risks of - What Risk Analysis is Appropriate? Options for Future Policy Making Towards Integrated Agro-Food Systems. This book covers a wide variety of risks associated with genetically engineering our food supply, including discussions on the environment, food safety and WTO agreements regarding trade and economic effects. The portion of this book I found the most interesting, as well as being material that was relevant and added†¦show more content†¦N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Apr. 2017. I found this source while searching for organizations that campaign for awareness of GMOs and GMO related issues. This report was published by â€Å"Just Label It!†, an organization which is pushing for the labeling of all foods which contain GMOs, and can be found on their website. The focus of the report was on just how much of our food supply comes from GMO crops, which is the vast majority. The report was fairly short but contained summaries of relevant information, including the nine major genetically engineered crops on the market in the United States. The tow crops on this list that stuck out to me was Corn and Canola oil, which may explain why nearly all processed food items are genetically modified since they almost always contain high fructose corn syrup, a corn derivative, or canola oil, a canola derivative. Powell, Chelsea. How to Make a GMO. Science in the News. Harvard University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, 10 Aug. 2015. Web. 04 Apr. 2017. This source comes from a blog published by the Harvard University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences and is written by Chelsea Powell, a PhD student in the Chemical Biology program at Harvard University. This article focuses specifically on the process of genetic engineering, meaning how genes are inserted into various organisms DNA in order to create a GMO, and the reasoning behind each step. There are four steps inShow MoreRelatedThe Genetically Engineered Foods : Genetically Modified Foods1656 Words   |  7 PagesThe Genetically Engineered Foods Introduction Genetic modification is a special gene technology that alters the genetic machinery of living organisms such as animals, plants, bacteria or other microorganisms. Foreign genes (genes from other organisms) combined and inserted into the original genetic codes are known as recombinant DNA technology and the resulting food is called genetically engineered food, genetically modified (GM) food or transgenic food. 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Foods derived from a new plant variety is a; safe or nutritious as foods already consumed as a part of a diet. For new plant varieties, including those developed using rDNA technology, a science-based approach is used to focus the evaluation on the demonstrated characteristics of the food or food component. Genetically modified food component typically involves reviewing information or data onRead MoreBenefits Of Genetically Modified Plants1187 Words   |  5 PagesGenetically Modified Plants The term GMO Plants (genetically-modified organisms) is most commonly used to refer to crop plants created for human, or animal consumption using the latest molecular biology techniques. These plants have been modified in the laboratory to enhance desired traits such as increased resistance to herbicides and improved nutritional content. The enhancement of desired traits has traditionally been undertaken through breeding, but conventional plant breeding methods can beRead MoreGenetically Modified Crop Plants1593 Words   |  7 PagesGene Therapy: Genetically Modified Crop Plants Coward Introduction to Biology - SCI 115 Professor Johnson March 4, 2014 Genetically modified organisms have become a standard rather than an exception in America. Since their introduction in the 1990’s, genetically modified (GM) products have conquered agriculture in the United States and hold a large share of the food on American’s plates. (Dupont) Everyone has been exposed to it whether they knowRead MoreGmo Essay910 Words   |  4 Pages Global Challenge Chemistry Genetically Modified Organisms Jason Kim St. Paul’s High School Global Challenge GMO stands for genetically modified organisms, which is a micro-organism, plant, animal or other organism that has been modified in a laboratory by transgenic technology. This method of cross-breeding blocks harmful virus from entering cells. The concept of cross-breeding in making genetically modified food isn’t 100% healthy. Genetically modified foods are bad for environmentRead MoreAdvancements In Biotechnology Essay1088 Words   |  5 Pagesposes some new threats and challenges to human beings as well. This short report discusses the merits and demerits of extensive applications of biotechnology, specially the impacts of genetically modified/engineered crops which brought up in market 1990s. According to Wikipedia, the definition and process of genetically modified crops is summarised as â€Å"Genetically modified (GM) foods are foods derived from genetically modified organisms. Genetically modified organisms have had specific changes

The Freedom Of Freedom, And Self Actualization As An...

In order to answer the question of what is required for an individual as he exists in society to be free, we must first understand what freedom is. In synthesizing ideas from the texts studied this semester, thus far, I have arrived at the conclusion that freedom can be described as the ability to pursue activities that fulfill oneself, and contribute to our own happiness, and self-actualization as an individual. To say that freedom can be â€Å"defined† would imply placing limits on freedom, and would be counterintuitive. Erich Fromm states that â€Å"[Freedom’s] meaning changes according to the degree of man’s awareness and conception of himself as an independent and separate being (23).† The less a person is bound to obligations albeit moral, economic, social, or political, and more self-actualized, the more likely he will be to seek happiness through activities that are free from influence of these aforementioned entities. The notion of freedom that wi ll be discussed in this paper is strongly tied to Freud’s suggestion that individuals must â€Å"strive after happiness; [we] want to become happy and remain so (42).† Freud suggests that we accomplish this by channeling our instincts and regulate them, as to not be a slave to them, or indulging our libido, by accomplishing personal goals, and pursuing creative endeavors which are free from outside influence. Freud offers other ways to cope with the misery we find from our own decaying selves, the external world, and other people,Show MoreRelatedAutonomy: A Personality Trait1655 Words   |  7 PagesAutonomy The notion of personal autonomy is a characteristic that many individuals seek to find throughout their life. The term autonomy originates from the Greek words auto (self) and nomos (law) and means self-management (Senturan, Kose, Sabuncu, Ozhan, 2012). Individuals who experience the characteristic of autonomy during their lives will often have an intense desire for their personal freedom and will set moderate goals for themselves that will enhance their well-being and independence. RadelRead MoreMaslows Theory Of Self Actualization1410 Words   |  6 PagesMaslow’s Theory of Self-Actualization According to Ellis, Abrams, Abrams (2009), Maslow’s theory of self-actualization can be defined as, â€Å"†¦an innate tendency of human beings to fulfill and enhance their potential, provided that basic physical and social needs are met† (p.620). Maslow viewed human beings in a unique way and altered his original idea of what someone who achieved this highest level of potential was. Maslow believed that individuals who achieved this potential could be defined throughRead MoreHumanistic Psychology : Psychology And Psychology1748 Words   |  7 Pagesinheritably good. 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Carl Rogers believed that being self-centered is essential to the client’s personal growth of self-esteem. Rogers’s theory can be broken downRead MoreA Theory Of Human Motivation1086 Words   |  5 PagesA Theory of Human Motivation Maslow (1943) sets out to provide a theory as to why we as individuals become motivated to satisfy our basic needs and seek to fulfill other needs once the previous ones have been satisfied. He developed a concept called the hierarchy of needs, which he uses to interpret the different levels of needs individuals acquire. This theory is of importance as it provides reasoning and structure for the fulfillment of our everyday needs. After describing the five needs, theRead MoreAbraham Maslow s Theory Of Human Motivation1670 Words   |  7 Pagespersonality transcended academic psychology, and extended into the major business fields of management and marketing. Maslow additionally explored how and individual perceives their existence and beginning to display signs of future potential. Abraham Maslow is noted as the originator of such important ideas as the hierarchy of human needs, self-actualization, higher motivation, team decision-making, and business synergy. In 1943, the Abraham Maslow published a paper called A Theory of Human Motivation,Read MoreA Theory Based On The Art Of Loving, Albert Rogers, And Maslow1630 Words   |  7 PagesThe purpose of this paper was to conceptualize a theory based upon existing ideas to create something unique. My theoretical view is based around the foundation and work of three theorist; Fromm, Rogers, and Maslow. Each individual presented a unique aspect, idea, or theory that was instrumental to the construction of my own. It does not have a working title but I can tell you that it most definitely has a purpose and a set of ideals that I believe will and can improve the lives of many. 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Plato and Aristotle a Comparison Free Essays

Plato and Aristotle are two of the earliest known thinkers in metaphysics, epistemology, and ethics. Although Aristotle was a student of Plato, the two had some very contrasting ideas. Metaphysics Plato and Aristotle believed in the concept of forms, although they had different definitions of the concept. We will write a custom essay sample on Plato and Aristotle: a Comparison or any similar topic only for you Order Now Plato’s take on metaphysics can be labeled as dualism. Plato developed his ideas a priori; he formulated his own explanations of an ideal reality and applied them to the observable world. Reality had two levels for Plato: the level of the observable objects, and the level of forms (the ideal). The observable aspect of the world are but imperfect copies of the forms, and observable objects are impermanent, as opposed to forms, which are eternal. Plato’s forms can be understood as blueprints that existed outside of the observable, and on which everything observable depends; thus these forms are more â€Å"real† than the observable. Plato uses analogies for this explanation; in his allegory of the cave, for example, lifetime immobile prisoners see only shadows on a cave wall and think that the shadows are the ultimate reality. Although it cannot be disputed that the shadows are â€Å"real,† it is the objects that are casting the shadows that are, in a sense, the true reality. Aside from the well-known allegory of the cave, Plato used a number of other metaphors to explain his metaphysical views, such as the metaphor of the sun, and the divided line.  Conversely, Aristotle developed his ideas a posteriori—by directly observing the world and then deriving â€Å"formulas† for this observable reality. His primary concern in this area was causality. Aristotle believed in only one level of reality, and he believed that form had no existence outside of physical, observable reality. Aristotle’s concern on the relationship of form and matter led to his concepts of causality. He believed that there are four very basic causes that can be applied to anything: the Material cause, or, in Aristtle’s words, â€Å"that out of which a thing comes to be, and which persists,† the formal cause, â€Å"the statement of essence† (which states that anything is determined by the definition or archetype), the Efficient cause,   (the primary source of change), and the Final cause, (the end, or the intent of an action). Epistemology Plato’s epistemology holds that all knowledge is innate, which means the process of learning is actually just a recollection of knowledge buried deep in the soul; Plato believed that before birth the soul had a perfect knowledge of everything. This is the basic precept of Plato’s Theory of Ideas.  According to Plato, ideas are permanent and absolute. In Plato’s view all human actions can be judged through the standard of these concrete and absolute ideas, but Aristotle refutes Plato’s theory on the grounds that Plato’s arguments are inconclusive—stating that Plato’s arguments are not convincing or lead to contradictory conclusions. Aristotle refutes Plato’s claim that Ideas are absolute, perfect entities outside of human experience, but argues that, on the contrary, ideas exist in the mind alone and are simply duplicates or interpretations of things that are experienced. Aristotle claims that all standards are based on things that are first experienced.  Aristotle agreed with Plato’s notion that the immaterial (form) and the material (matter) were distinctly separate entities; however, he states that forms (or ideas) exist in the mind and are dependent on the observer, and argues that Plato’s theory of ideas goes by the incorrect premise of absolute universal definitions for material, observable things. Ethics Plato’s ethics states that â€Å"good† is born of knowledge and â€Å"evil† is born of ignorance (lack of knowledge). Hence Plato argues that the path to a good life is purely intellectual.Plato’s   absolutism dictates that there is only one right course of action, one that is true in every case and exists independent of human opinion or interpretation.  On the other hand Aristotle adopted a scientific, empirical approach to ethical problems. He believed that in order for human actions to be judged as moral or immoral, they must have a certain degree of health and wealth. Aristotle believed that ethical knowledge is not certain knowledge, like metaphysics and epistemology, but general knowledge. Also, Aristotle argued that the achievement of â€Å"good† must be a practical discipline, as opposed to Plato’s heavily theoretical approach. He claimed that to become good cannot be achieved simply by studying virtue, but that one must practice virtue in everyday life. He called the   ultimate goal of this discipline the â€Å"Highest Good.†Ã‚  Also, for Aristotle the achievement of happiness was by application of the â€Å"golden mean†, which just means moderation in everyday life. Aristotle argued that happiness could not be found only in pleasure, or only in fame and honor. He claims that happiness can be achieved through knowledge of humanity’s specific purpose; that is, according to him, â€Å"by ascertaining the specific function of man.† Politics In his political theories, Plato focused on formulating the perfect society by finding ways to cure humanity of its social and personal failures. Plato, in Republic, described the ideal government as having a philosopher-king as its leader, a king with a completely just soul who would thus be able to run a completely just government. Plato also argued that since he can imagine such a leader, than such a leader can exist.  Plato’s utopia consists of three non-hereditary classes: Guardians, Auxiliaries, and Workers. The guardians are wise and good rulers and high-level civil servants, the auxiliaries soldiers and lower civil servants, and the workers composed of unskilled laborers. Unlike Plato, Aristotle was not concerned with the perfection of society, but simply its improvement, within what he believed were a more realistic context. Aristotle agreed that Plato’s government, with its philosopher-king, would be ideal, but did not believe that such a person could exist, and thus dismissed the possibility that such a government could exist, and considers other systems that he believed are more realistic.  Plato’s belief in this philosopher-king reflects his theories of knowledge, which have the a priori approach to reality. On the other hand, Aristotle bases his beliefs on the observable. And claims that since he has never encountered such a completely just man, he must discount that possibility of his existence. Aristotle argues that dividing society into distinct classes excludes men with ambition and wisdom but are not in the right class to hold political power. Another argument against Plato’s class system is that guardians will, by nature of their work, be deprived of happiness, and such guardians will naturally assume that the same strict lifestyle be imposed on all of society. Aristotle valued moderation more, in contrast to Plato’s utopia, which carried expectations to such extremes that it was no longer realistic to Aristotle. Aristotle derived a theory of Democracy, where he puts emphasis on the polis, or city-state, which allows political participation by the average citizen. He claimed that â€Å"the people at large should be sovereign rather than the few best.† However, this is contrary to Plato’s beliefs, who argues that the public’s decisions would be based on mere belief and not fact.  Essentially, we can describe Plato as having been in pursuit of a philosophical, idealized truth, whereas Aristotle was concerned with the more worldly and realistic   concerns of the citizen and the government. Although they had widely divergent views, they had essentially the same goal of a better society. References: Silverman, A. (2003). Plato’s Middle Period Metaphysics and Epistemology. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2003 Edition). Retrieved February 24, 2006, from http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2003/entries/plato-metaphysics. Cohen, S. M. (2003). Aristotle’s Metaphysics. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2003 Edition).Retrieved February 24, 2006, from http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2003/entries/aristotle-metaphysics. Frede, D. (2003). Plato’s Ethics: An Overview. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2003 Edition). Retrieved February 24, 2006, from  Ã‚   http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2003/entries/plato-ethics. Kraut, R. (2005). Aristotle’s Ethics. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2005 Edition). Rerieved February 24, 2006, from http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2005/entries/aristotle-ethics. Miller, F. (2002). Aristotle’s Political Theory. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2002 Edition). Retrieved February 24, 2006, from   http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2002/entries/aristotle-politics. Brown, E. (2003). Plato’s Ethics and Politics in The Republic. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2003 Edition). Retrieved February 24, 2006, from http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2003/entries/plato-ethics-politics. Aristotle. (2006, February). Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. Retrieved February 24, 2006, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle. Plato. (2006, February). Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. Retrieved February 24, 2006, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato. Platonic Epistemology. (2006, February). Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. Retrieved Fer\bruary 24, 2006, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platonic_epistemology. Falcon, A. (2006). Aristotle on Causality. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2006 Edition). http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2006/entries/aristotle-causality. How to cite Plato and Aristotle: a Comparison, Essay examples

The Scarlet Letter Do You Dread Guilt free essay sample

The Scarlet Letter: Do You Fear Guilt? Essay, Research Paper The Scarlet Letter: Do You Fear Guilt? What is guilt? We all have guilt about something. Possibly burying something, lied about something, or even did something that shouldn # 8217 ; T of been done. In The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne we saw guilt suppurating sore in the heads and outward visual aspect of the chief characters, Hester Prynne, Arthur Dimmesdale and Roger Chillingworth. When you hear the word guilt what do you believe it means? Guilt means contrite consciousness of holding done something incorrect or of holding failed to make something required or expected. Does that sound about right? Guilt is something everyone has. Its this mental manifestation that lets us cognize when we did something incorrect but no 1 knows it yet. Guilt is really powerful. Some people after awhile spring in to this guilt and squeal what they did. In The Scarlet Letter, Hester Prynne and Arthur Dimmesdale commit a great wickedness. Because of this great wickedness, it causes them huge guilt and unhappiness though out the remainder of the book. One of the chief character # 8217 ; s that is affected the most is Arthur Dimmesdale. Dimmesdale handles it in a different manner though, to him its more of a # 8220 ; concealed sin. # 8221 ; A illustration of this is, # 8220 ; It may be that they are kept soundless by the very fundamental law of their nature. Or # 8211 ; can we non say it # 8211 ; guilty as they may be, retaining, however, a ardor for God # 8217 ; s glorification and adult male # 8217 ; s public assistance, they shrink from exposing themselves black and foul in the position of work forces ; because, thenceforward, no good can be achieved by them ; no immorality or the past be redeemed by better service. # 8221 ; Dimmesdale besides has another ground for his concealment, he wants to stay soundless so that he can go on to make God # 8217 ; s work as a curate. Hester Prynne handles her guilt in another manner. Alternatively of worrying about it twenty-four hours after twenty-four hours and allowing to maturate, she makes it outward. At the beginning of the book she wears the most amazing apparels and shows the universe she # 8217 ; s non guilty for what she has done. An illustration of this is, # 8220 ; And neer had Hester Prynne appeared more lady-like, in the old-timer int erpretation of the term, than as she issued from the prison. # 8221 ; Besides she shows it with the vermilion A on her chest. Alternatively of merely seting some dumb A on her thorax she spends the clip and embroiders it with ruddy and gilded yarn and even wears the vermilion A long after she could hold removed it. Roger Chillingworth appears at first to be the 1 that was sinned on but though out the book that changes with every page of the nasties that Chillingworth has caused. Even with the major wickedness of Hester Prynne and Arthur Dimmesdale, Roger # 8217 ; s wickednesss are much greater. First Roger knows that he neer truly did love Hester and says he did incorrect by get marrieding such a immature married woman that besides didn # 8217 ; t love him. But Roger doesn # 8217 ; t notice is 2nd wickedness, taking retaliation on Arthur Dimmesdale. An illustration of this is, # 8220 ; We are non, Hester, the worst evildoers in the universe. There is one worse so even the contaminated priest! That old adult male # 8217 ; s retaliation has been blacker so my wickedness. He has violated, in cold blood, the holiness of a human bosom. Thou and I, Hester, neer did so! # 8221 ; Because Chillingworth # 8217 ; s wickedness was the blackest his destiny was the most atrocious of the three. To get the better of this great guilt the character # 8217 ; s handle it in there ain manner. Hester Prynne handles it by seeking to conceal nil, seeking to demo the universe, see what I did and I # 8217 ; m proud of it! Arthur Dimmesdale handles his awful guilt by hiding it to himself. To get the better of it he would flog himself, take long walks into the wood, and even acquire in a secret interview with Hester. His concluding end product to the universe was to state them all on the scaffold of his great wickedness on election twenty-four hours. Roger Chillingworth handles his guilt by non demoing he had any. Ignorance played a large portion for Roger and in the terminal he besides tells and notices what a great wickedness he has caused. What comes to the head when guilt is said? Good, bad or are you merely field confused? Everyone has this jobs about guilt, its non merely yourself. Right? In The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne guilt affected many people. Guilt is really powerful and suppurating sores in our heads and Black Marias of everyone when incorrect making occurs.