Definition and Examples of Kinship Terms

Definition and Examples of Kinship Terms Kinship terms are words used in a speech community to identify relationships between individuals in a family (or a kinship unit). This is also called kinship terminology. A classification of persons related through kinship in a particular language or culture is called a kinship system. Examples and Observations Bailey was the greatest person in the world. And the fact that he was my brother, and I had no sisters to share him with, was such good fortune that it made me want to live a Christian life just to show God that I was grateful.(Maya Angelou, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. Random House, 1969)Two years later a note arrived from one of her daughters relating that Tata had died in childbirth. It was with one of Tatas sons whod moved to Omaha that Rocco went to live when he was eighteen. And when, six years later, hed moved to Ohio with a cousins cousins guarantee of a steel-mill job, which was never to materialize, hed promised himself this single luxury, once two or three years of careful saving had passed: to go to Niagara Falls.(Salvatore Scibona, The End. Graywolf Press, 2008)My Mom was an illegal alien, born out of wedlock in Mexico . . .. Once I told a neighbor her husband wasnt my real father. I didnt know I wasnt supposed to say this. I was sorry I embarrassed her. I didnt even care about my real father much, only saw him a couple of days a year, but the only times my mothers husbands were fathers were when others made that assumption.(Dagoberto Gilb, Mi Mommy. Grove Press, 2003) Lexicalized Categories Some of the clearest examples of lexicalized categories are words used to refer to people who are members of the same family, or kinship terms. All languages have kinship terms (e.g. brother, mother, grandmother), but they dont all put family members into categories in the same way. In some languages, the equivalent of the word father is used not only for male parent, but also for male parents brother. In English, we use the word uncle for this other type of individual. We have lexicalized the distinction between the two concepts. Yet we also use the same word (uncle) for female parents brother. That distinction isnt lexicalized in English, but it is in other languages.(George Yule, The Study of Language, 5th ed. Cambridge University Press, 2014) Kinship Terms in Sociolinguistics One of the attractions that kinship systems have for investigators is that these factors are fairly readily ascertainable. You can, therefore, relate them with considerable confidence to the actual words that people use to describe a particular kin relationship. There may be certain difficulties, of course. You can ask a particular person what he or she calls others who have known relationships to that person, for example, that person’s father (Fa), or mother’s brother (MoBr), or mother’s sister’s husband (MoSiHu), in an attempt to show how individuals employ various terms, but without trying to specify anything concerning the semantic composition of those terms: for example, in English, both your father’s father (FaFa) and your mother’s father (MoFa) are called grandfather, but that term includes another term, father. You will find, too, in English that your brother’s wife’s father (BrWiFa) cannot be referred to directly; brother’s wife’s father (or sister-in-law’s father) is a circumlocution rather than the kind of term that is of interest in kinship terminology.(Ronald Wardhaugh, An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, 6th ed. Wiley-Blackwell, 2010) More Difficulties [T[he English kinship term father is defined to imply a particular biological relationship. Yet in an actual case the term may be used when the biological relationship is not in fact present.(Austin L. Hughes, Evolution and Human Kinship. Oxford University Press, 1988) Kinship Terms in Indian English It is not uncommon to hear the term cousin sister or cousin brother, a common mistake that Indian speakers of English make since they are unable to say just cousin, which would be too vague since it does not distinguish gender.(Nandita Chaudhary, Mothers, Fathers, and Parents. Semiotic Rotations: Modes of Meanings in Cultural Worlds, ed. by Sunhee Kim Gertz, Jaan Valsiner, and Jean-Paul Breaux. Information Age Publishing, 2007)With Indian roots myself, I was, perhaps, more aware of the power of family here than in other Asian countries where it was no less suffocating or strong. . . . . I was amused to find that the Indians had smuggled into English such terms as co-brother (to designate ones sister-in-laws brother) and cousin brother (to denote the sex of a first cousin, and, better yet, to draw the cousin as close as a brother). In some of the local languages, the terms were even more precisely defined, with separate words for a fathers elder and younger brothers and special terms for uncles on ones mothers and ones fathers side, as well as words to distinguish between mothers sisters and uncles wives, blood uncles and uncles by marriage. Though India had a hunger for absolutes, it swarmed with relatives; before long, everyone came to seem related to everyone else.(Pico Iyer, Video Night in Kathmandu: And Other Reports from the Not-So-Far East. Vintage, 1989)

Business Environment

Purposes: mission; vision; aims; objectives; goals; values; profits; market share; growth; return on capital employed (ROCE); sales; service level; customer satisfaction; corporate responsibility; ethical issues Stakeholders: owners; customers; suppliers; employees; debtors; creditors; financial institutions (banks, mortgage lenders, credit factors); environmental groups; government agencies (central government, local authorities); trade unions Responsibilities of organizations: stakeholder interests; conflict of expectations; power- influence matrix; satisfying stakeholder objectives; legal responsibilities e. g. consumer legislation, employee legislation, equal opportunities and anti-discriminatory legislation, environmental legislation, health and safety legislation; ethical issues egg environment, fair trade, global warming, charter compliance e. g. Banking Code 2 Understand the nature of the national environment in which businesses operate Economic systems: the allocation of scarce resources; effective use of resources; type of economic system eg command, free enterprise, mixed, transitional The UK economy: size (gross domestic product, gross national product); structure; population; labour force; growth; inflation; balance of payments; balance of trade; exchange rates; trading partners; public finances (revenues, expenditure); taxation; government borrowing; business behaviour eg investment, objectives, risk awareness; cost of capital; consumer behaviour; propensity to save; propensity to spend; tastes and preferences Government policy: economic goals; fiscal policy: control of aggregate demand; central and local government spending; Public Sector Net Borrowing (PSNB) and Public Sector Net Cash Requirement (PSNCR); euro convergence criteria, monetary policy; interest rates; quantitative easing; private finance initiative (PFI); competition policy (up-to-date legislation including Competition Act 1998, Enterprise Act 2002); Competition Commission, Office of Fair Trading; Directorate General for Competition); European Commission); sector regulators eg Ofgem, Ofwat, Civil Aviation Authority; Companies Acts; regional policy; industrial policy; enterprise strategy; training and skills policy 3 Understand the behaviour of organisations in their market environment Market types: perfect competition, monopoly, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, duopoly; competitive advantage, strategies adopted by firms; regulation of competition Market forces and organisational responses: supply and demand, elasticity of demand; elasticity of supply; customer perceptions and actions, pricing decisions; cost and output decisions; economies of scale, the short run; the long run, multi-national and transnational corporations; joint ventures, outsourcing; core markets; labour market trends; employee skills, technology; innovation; research and development; core competencies; business environment (political, economic, social, technical, legal, environmental); cultural environment 4 Be able to assess the significance of the global factors that shape national business activities Global factors: international trade and the UK economy; market opportunities; global growth; protectionism; World Trade Organisation (WTO); emerging markets (BRIC economies – Brazil, Russia, India, China); EU membership; EU business regulations and their incorporation in to UK law; EU policies eg agriculture (CAP), business, competition, growth, employment, education, economics and finance, employment, environment, science and technology, regional); labour movement; workforce skills; exchange rates; trading blocs (eg monetary unions, common markets; customs unions, free trade areas); labour costs; trade duties; levies; tariffs; customs dues; taxation regimes; international competitiveness; international business environment (political, economic, social, technical, legal, environmental); investment incentives; cost of capital; commodity prices; intellectual property; climate change eg Kyoto Protocol, Rio Earth Summit; third world poverty; the group of 20 (G-20); global financia l stability Learning outcomes and assessment criteria Learning outcomesOn successful completion of this unit a learner will:| Assessment criteria for passThe learner can:| LO1 Understand the organizational purposes of businesses| 1. 1 identify the purposes of different types of organisation1. 2 describe the extent to which an organisation meets the objectives of different stakeholders1. explain the responsibilities of an organisation and strategies employed to meet them| LO2 Understand the nature of the national environment in which businesses operate| 2. 1 explain how economic systems attempt to allocate resources effectively2. 2 assess the impact of fiscal and monetary policy on business organizations and their activities2. 3 evaluate the impact of competition policy and other regulatory mechanisms on the activities of a selected organisation| LO3 Understand the behaviour of organizations in their market environment| 3. 1 explain how market structures determine the pricing and output decisions of businesses3. 2 illustrate the way in which market forces shape organizational responses using a range of examples3. judge how the business and cultural environments shape the behaviour of a selected organisation| LO4 Be able to assess the significance of the global factors that shape national business activities| 4. 1 discuss the significance of international trade to UK Business organisation4. 2 analyse the impact of global factors on UK business organizations4. 3 evaluate the impact of policies of the European Union on UK business organizations. | GRADE DESCRIPTORS Learners would be graded as ‘PASS, MERIT or DISTINCTION. The indicative characteristics for each grade are mentioned below: Pass grade:A pass grade is achieved by meeting all the requirements defined in the assessment criteria for pass for each unit. Merit grade: Merit descriptors| Indicative characteristics| In order to achieve a merit the learner must:| The learner’s evidence shows for example:| IdentifyandapplyStrategiestofind appropriate solutions| ? Effective judgments have been made? Complex problems with more than one variable have been explored? An effective approach to study and research has been applied| Select/design and apply appropriateMethods/techniques| ? Relevant theories and techniques have been applied? A range of methods and techniques have been applied? A range of sources of information has been used? The selection of methods and techniques/sources has been justified? The design of methods/techniques has been justified? Complex information/data has been synthesized and processed? Appropriate learning methods/techniques have been applied| Present and communicateappropriate findings| ? The appropriate structure and approach has been used? Coherent, logical development of principles/concepts for the intended audience? A range of methods of presentation have been used and technical language has been accurately used? Communication has taken place in familiar and unfamiliar contexts? The communication is appropriate for familiar and unfamiliar audiences and appropriate media have been used| Distinction grade: Distinction descriptors| Indicative characteristics| Inordertoachieveadistinctionthelearner must:| The learner’s evidence shows for example:| Use critical reflection to evaluate own work and justify valid conclusions| ? Conclusions have been arrived at through synthesis of ideas and have been justified? The validity of results has been evaluated using defined criteria? Self-criticism of approach has taken place? Realistic improvements have been proposed against defined characteristics for success| Take responsibility for managing and organizing activities| ? Autonomy/independence has been demonstrated? Substantial activities, projects or investigations have been planned, anaged and organized? Activities have been managed? The unforeseen has been accommodated? Theimportanceofinterdependencehasbeen recognized and achieved| DemonstrateConvergent/lateral/creative thinking| ? Ideas have been generated and decisions taken? Self-evaluation has taken place? Convergent and lateral thin king have been applied? Problems have been solved? Innovation and creative thought have been applied? Receptiveness to new ideas is evident? Effective thinking has taken place in unfamiliar contexts| Assignment Unit 1 McCain McCain is the worlds largest producer of chips. Its range includes other potato products like hash browns and waffles. It buys 12% of the UK potato crop. It is also one of the biggest suppliers of frozen light meals. External factors Businesses set themselves aims. These help them to be efficient. For instance, they may aim to increase sales or make more profit. It then plans to reach these aims. To do this it must look at its own strengths. These are called internal factors. It must also look at outside influences. These are called external factors. McCain looks at changes in these. This helps it to plan how to respond. SLEPT SLEPT is one tool that can be used to look at external factors. It can be used to measure their effect. The letters in SLEPT stand for five factors. These are * Social Legal * Environmental * Technological and * Political. McCain dealt with these factors as follows: Social and Legal factors Social A number of campaigns have told people to eat in a more healthy way. This led to falling sales for some McCain products. McCain responded by reducing the salt and oil in its potato pr oducts. It also sent out the message that its chips were not unhealthy. Legal Governments pass laws, and set standards. McCain has to obey the law or set its own, higher, standards. The Food Standards Agency has developed a system of traffic light labels. These are designed to help consumers see which products may be less healthy. The food industry uses a system based on Guideline Daily Amounts. These GDAs are what an average person should eat to stay healthy. McCain uses both of these. All of its potato products can display the green traffic light (low levels) for saturated fat. None of its products displays a red traffic light (for high levels) in any category. Economic, Political and Technological Factors Economics 100 Edition 12 This refers to changes in buying habits. Income is rising, but people have less time to spend it. This is called being cash-rich but time-poor. This leads to more demand for convenience foods. To meet this challenge McCain provides a range of products to suit different tastes. Political There is government pressure for suppliers to come up with healthier foods. McCain supports the government. It believes that the foods it provides are healthy when prepared properly. Technological The technology used to prepare food is fast moving. McCains food technologists have made its potato products more healthy. They have reduced levels of fat and salt but still maintained flavour. This was achieved through a switch to sunflower oils. This reduced saturated fats by 70%. Conclusion Businesses must take account of changes in external factors. Change comes from a number of sources. Each presents a challenge. McCain is a business focused on the market. It knows that it is vital to keep customers happy. It has listened to what customers want and made changes in response. It aims to give them the best value chips and other healthy food products. Task 1 1. 1 Using working example or the case the study indentify the purposes of different types of organisation. (Outcome 1. 1) 1. 2 Using an example of your choice illustrate how an organisation meets the objectives of different stakeholders. (Outcome 1. 2) 1. 3 Using the case study, explain the responsibilities of an organisation and the strategies employed to meet them. (Outcome 1. 3) Task 2 2. 1 Illustrate how economic systems attempt to allocate resources effectively. Use the case study to illustrate your answer. (Outcome 2. 1) 2. Fiscal and monetary policy affects business organisations and their activities, disucuss this with a working example of your choice. (Outcome 2. 2) 2. 3 Evaluate the impact of competition policy and other regulatory mechanisms on the activities of an organisation of your choice or that or the case study. (Out come 2. 3) Task 3 3. 1 Pricing and output decisions of an organisation are determined by market structures. In your opinion is this true. (Outcome 3. 1) 3. 2 Using a working example of your choice show how market forces shape organisational responses. (Outcome 3. 2) 3. 3 Using an example of your choice discuss how the business and cultural environment shape the organisations behaviour. (Outcome 3. 3) Task 4 4. What is the significance of international trade to the UK business organisation? (Outcome 4. 1) 4. 2 The impact of global factors on UK business organisations is quite variable, discuss. (Outcome 4. 2) 4. 3 Discuss the impact of policies of the European Union on the UK business organisations. (Outcome 4. 3) To achieve a Pass/Distinction or Merit student must address all the above criteria by producing a word processed report of 2500- 3500 words. Reports must be supported by appropriate referencing. The report must be submitted by the required formal submission date by 5pm at r eception where a receipt will be given. The Times 100 Edition 12

Brand Aston Martin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Brand Aston Martin - Essay Example Commonly, brands in all markets are evaluated by referring to their attributes. These attributes can be classified into two main categories: symbolic and functional (Sinkovics & Ghauri, 2009, p.186). Symbolic attributes refer to the intangible benefits that a brand can offer to consumers; for example, a mobile phone of a particular brand can be related to a specific social status of the owner. Functional attributes refer to technical/ practical benefits of a brand, meaning the functional benefits that a brand can offer to consumers (Sinkovics & Ghauri, 2009, p.186); the increased functionality of a mobile phone of a brand compared to the similar device of another brand is a common example of functional attribute (Sinkovics & Ghauri, 2009, p.186). Emotional attributes have also become an important category of brand attributes. Emotional attributes reflect ‘the feelings of consumers about a retail brand’ (Floor 2006, p.222). These feelings can be influenced by the function al attributes of the brand (Floor 2006, p.222); still, emotional attributes are depended on all aspects of a brand, as included in the brand personality. Functional, emotional and symbolic attributes are often used for describing a brand’s personality (Floor 2006, p.222). The functional and emotional attributes of brand Aston Martin can be characterized as quite significant. These attributes could be described as follows: in terms of their performance, Aston Martin cars have been classified as of exceptional value.

Article Critique Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Critique - Article Example Questionnaires were also administered to both groups. The focus of the questions is the kind of stress and the coping strategies suggested by mothers. The results of the study reveal that depending on the extent of the stress, the influence of the mothers’ suggested coping strategies may be adapted by the youth. Furthermore, the research shows that the youth would react positively to stress if their mothers offer some tips on how to deal with peer stress. clinical psychology, psychology graduate students, a post baccalaureate-level research assistant, or advanced undergraduate students†. They were trained extensively for the job that they were supposed to do. The qualifications of the interviewers add credence to the results of the study. Another strength of the study is that the conclusions are validated by the correlation analysis applied to the data gathered. The interpretation and discussion of the results are clearly disseminated in the report. One weakness of the study is that only mothers were included in the research. It is important to note that parenting does not only involve mothers. Fathers play an important role too in the development of the child. The study assumes that it is only the mothers who offer suggestions on coping with peer stress. With regards to the participants of the study, there is no mention how they were chosen and what was the basis in selecting them. An important part of the study is the definition of the terms that are used in the research. It is appreciated that the terms â€Å"engagement† and â€Å"disengagement† responses are clearly defined at the beginning of the article. The listing down and description of the four categories of the responses to stress gives a more meaningful understanding of the results of the questionnaires and interviews. This research is very significant in enhancing the relationship between mothers and their adolescent child. Since the research showed

A Murderers Journey Through The Works Of Dostoyevsky And Poe :: essays research papers fc

A Murderer's Journey Through The Works of Dostoyevsky and Poe Some people believe that most murderers have a mental illness which causes them to commit their crime. This belief is strongly disagreed with by the authors Edgar Allan Poe and Fyodor Dostoevsky. Crime and Punishment, â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart†, â€Å"The Black Cat†,and â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† are very similar in this contradiction. Each murderer takes a specific journey that has been illustrated in each case. The psychological make-up of each murderer shows that he is a normal person up to the point at which something compels him to commit this horrible crime, and after that his conscience usually leads to his own downfall. Before the murder has been committed the character is a regular human being. In most cases the characters that end up carrying through with this crime are above average people. Raskolnikov from Crime and Punishment is "... quite an extraordinarily handsome young man..." (Crime and Punishment, pg.21) Raskolnikov is a very gifted university student, with a very good talent for figuring people out. Raskolinikov takes great pride and care for his family. On receiving a letter from his mother ...he quickly raised the letter to his lips and kissed it; then he spent a long time poring over the handwriting on the envelope, over the small, slanting handwriting, so familiar and dear to him, of his mother who had once taught him to read and write. (Crime and Punishment, pg.47) Raskolnikov's mother, who taught him how to read and write did this job quite well. This resulted in a very gifted and brilliant university student. This point is illustrated throughout the novel from the planning and carrying out of the murder, to interactions with the police. The narrator from the short story "The Black Cat" describes his "tenderness of heart was even so conspicuous as to make me the jest of his companions." ("The Black Cat", pg.390) He is quite a regular human being who is "...especially fond of animals..." ("The Black Cat", pg.390) The narrator also has a great wife whom he describes as being quite similar to himself, which shows that he must be quite normal if a good woman chooses to marry him. Much alike is the narrator from the short story "The Tell-Tale Heart". Again this character is full of love. The victim of his crime had done no wrong and for that the narrator "...loved the old man." ("The Tell-Tale Heart", pg.384) The narrator shows the same brilliance in planning the crime that Raskolnikov exhibits. People with great intelligence, great lives, possessions and friends must be normal people.

Dmg Shanghai

1. Why do you think that it is so important to cultivate guanxi and guanxiwang in China? Guanxi and guanxiwang are essential to business in China. It is an important mechanism for building long-term business relationships and getting business done in China successfully. Because China is a big country for mechanism.By establishing connections in relationships would help do a better job and mechanism; and the society of China lacks a strong rule-based legal tradition, thus guanxi and guangxiwang is becoming a necessary and regulations Guanxi is based on reciprocity, which is the undertaking of higher authority to accept an obligation to return a favor in the unspecified future whenever they benefit from the guanxi network. The development and expansion of the guanxi is a form of social investment that enriches the executive's resources and future potential.The importance of cultivating guanxi and guanxiwang in China is to realize the imperativeness of personal connection between two in dividuals who are bounded by an implicit psychological contract to follow the social norms of guanxi. The norms include self-disclosure, dynamic reciprocity, and the long-term equity principle. Establishing connections in relationships would help do a better job in completing an assignment and may be able to bend the rules for a temporary time period.The society of China lacks a strong rule-based legal tradition, thus guanxi and guanxiwang is becoming a necessary and important mechanism for building long-term business relationships and getting business done in China successfully.2. What does the experience of DMG tell us about the way things work in China? What would likely happen to a business that obeyed all the rules and regulations, rather than trying to find a way around them as Dan Mintz apparently does? As we look through the case of DMG in Shanghai, we recognize the influence of guanxi more apparently.Dan Mintz, the founder of DMG, had no prior experience in the fields of ad vertisement. He had no contact in China, even no Mandarin language. However, he had guanxi with two young Chinese who have connections with people of various levels. Making their connections as bedrock of the company’s guanxiwang, they were able to emerge as one of the China’s fastest growing advertising agencies. DMG shows us that culture is an important thing in China. Guanxi refers to the business connections that are so important to companies doing business in China.Guanxiwang refers to the relationship network that companies cultivate. Both of these are important to the Confucian ethics – loyalty, reciprocal obligations, and honesty in dealing with others – that drives business in China. Dan Mintz believes that guanxi and guanxiwang are important because they help companies get around restrictions that limit the ability of companies to function. It also is very useful when you have a business that delivers a good job; they bring the message over what gives you the opportunity to get good assignments from major companies.So a business in China without the relationships network is doomed to fail, because if you can’t work around the law and have doors opened for you it is almost impossible to get a successful business. China cares very much about its culture, especially because its rich history goes back centuries around 500 B. C. The DMG experience in China shows that culture as an imperative factor when conducting business there: foreign or domestic. The guanxi and guanxiwang factors are very important pieces of China’s culture. Both are essential to someone who is trying to start a successful business in China.Even though DMG may have obligations with higher authority, it has helped them to get a good reputation and support for the future, especially when meeting connections, such as with Bing Wu and Peter Xiao. When relationships are created in China, it helps businesses work around the laws and policies and it can open doors for any business that normally cannot be conducted anywhere else. Overall this is an advantage that DMG was able to acquire due to the fact that Wu was a recognized national champion and Xiao has political connections. . What are the ethical issues that might arise when drawing upon guanxiwang to get things done in China? What does this suggest about the limits of using guanxiwang for a Western business committed to high ethical standards? Guanxiwang plays a crucial role in business ethics, specifically referring to Western businesses moving to China. According to the case, it is impossible to get anything done without an intermediary, a third party introducing how to do business in China.In this case, for example: Bing Wu and Peter Xiao. Chinese will simply not do business with strangers unless someone is able to draw guanxiwang, which is the intermediary in the networking circle. As indicated in the case, the reciprocation obligations almost like a bribe, for exampl e, I’ll hit you and you hit me back! Business ethics in China rests upon a rich and diverse cultural moral heritage that emphasizes personal virtue and a right ordering of personal relationships in social organization and institutions.There are several ethical issues that can be provoked by drawing upon guanxiwang (Hill, 2009, p. 105). First of all, there will not be many business opportunities. For those who are starting up a business, guanxi companies that exist can be barriers for entering a market. For example, the existing businesses can use guanxi to initiate confrontations among them or to acquire restricted rights for using essential facilities to operate business activities from the government. Overall, it might hurt the system of free market competition.

Teacher Ethics Essay - 1548 Words

Teacher Ethics â€Å"Ethics are defined as a set of principles of right conducts; the rules or standards governing the conduct of a person or the members of a profession† ( Dictionary of the Human Language, 2000). Teachers are often put in situations that require more than just knowing the basic school rules. It is within these situations, that the ethical dilemmas occur. There is not always a right way to deal with many daily problems that face educators, but there are ways to handle situations that are better then others. Teachers should follow and refer to a code of ethics to help teach in the most appropriate and ethical way; as well as a guide to help deal with dilemmas. It is important that teachers give children a fair chance†¦show more content†¦It is inappropriate for a teacher to discuss a child’s results with fellow colleagues or other students. A child’s grades should be private, and should not be posted. Students might be ashamed of their grades, or some people might take poor grades as a bad reflection upon the students’ character. â€Å"Public pronouncements (of grades) are likely to taint everyone’s opinion of that child’s abilityâ€Å" (Isenberg Jalongo, 2000 ). It is important not to share professional confidential information in any other way but a professional way. There are appropriate and inappropriate times to share a child’s information, â€Å"part of becoming a professional is knowing when to keep quiet and protect confidentiality† (Isenberg Jalongo, 2000). Just as braking confidentiality is inappropriate so is teacher bias and discrimination. It is suppose to be that â€Å"school is the only institution that can counter the accidents of birth, guarantee of opportunity and provide objective and fair ways to select and train talented individuals† (Goodlad, Sirotnik Sober,1990). However, discrimination towards students takes place all the time. 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